What is the NCSC three random words method?

The NCSC (National Cyber Security Centre) recommends using three randomly selected words as the basis for a strong, memorable password. This approach produces passwords that are long enough to be secure (typically 15–20+ characters), randomly selected enough to resist dictionary attacks, and memorable enough that users don't need to write them down. Length — not complexity — is the primary driver of password strength, and three or more random words achieves the necessary length naturally while remaining usable.

Is a passphrase really secure?

Yes, when correctly generated. A 4-word passphrase from a 1024-word list provides approximately 40 bits of entropy; from a 7776-word list (standard Diceware), approximately 51.6 bits — comparable to a 10-character random character password. A 5-word passphrase from a large wordlist provides 64+ bits, resisting all practical attacks for decades. The security comes from random word selection using a CSPRNG — not from the words themselves, which are ordinary and common.

How is this different from just making up a sentence?

Making up a sentence produces a passphrase based on your thoughts, interests, and patterns — all of which reduce entropy far below what random generation provides. 'MyDogBuddyLoves2Run' contains personal information and follows predictable capitalisation patterns. Randomly generated words — selected by a CSPRNG with no human input — provide the entropy their word count promises. The words may not make a meaningful sentence, which is fine: they are easier to memorise than random characters while remaining unpredictable to any attacker.

Diceware is a method for generating passphrases developed by Arnold Reinhold in 1995. It uses five physical dice to produce a random five-digit number, which is looked up in a 7776-word list. Software implementations replace physical dice with a CSPRNG (crypto.getRandomValues()) to achieve the same randomness without physical dice. The Passphrase Maker is a software Diceware implementation using a curated English wordlist and uniform random index selection to ensure unbiased word distribution.

How many words do I need for a master password?

For a password manager master password — which must be memorised, used rarely, and protect all your other credentials — use 5 or 6 words. Five words from a large wordlist provides approximately 64 bits of entropy; six words provides approximately 77 bits. At six words, exhaustive search would take millions of years on dedicated hardware. A 5-word passphrase is the minimum we recommend for master passwords; 6 words for encryption keys and high-value credentials.

Is the wordlist important for security?

Yes. The wordlist size determines the entropy per word: log2(wordlist_size). A 1024-word list provides 10 bits per word; a 7776-word list provides 12.9 bits per word. The Passphrase Maker uses a curated wordlist of common, clear, memorable English words. Because each word is selected uniformly at random, the actual entropy matches the theoretical calculation exactly. Larger wordlists provide more entropy per word but may include obscure or confusing words.

What if I cannot memorise a randomly generated passphrase?

Use visualisation: convert each word to a concrete mental image and link the images in a memorable scene or short story. 'Cloud fence raven ticket' becomes an image of a cloud sitting on a fence watching a raven buy a ticket. The images fix the specific words in memory. Practice recall at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and the next day. Store a written backup in a secure physical location (a safe or sealed envelope with important documents) until you are confident in recall.

How does this differ from a random character password generator?

A random character password generator selects individual characters from a character set (typically 95 printable ASCII characters), providing approximately 6.57 bits per character. The Passphrase Maker selects whole words, providing 10–13 bits per word depending on wordlist size. For stored passwords (in a password manager), random character generators are slightly more efficient in entropy per character. For memorisable passwords — master passwords, device PINs — passphrases provide far superior entropy at the length a human can reliably memorise.

Why are spaces or separators recommended between passphrase words?

Spaces between words increase character count and maintain the visual distinctness of each word, making the passphrase easier to read, type, and memorise. Some security researchers also argue that including spaces reduces susceptibility to dictionary-based passphrase attacks, because common cracking tools that specifically target word combinations may not include spaced variants. However, many sites still do not allow spaces in passwords — hyphens, dots, or no separator are effective alternatives.

Is this generator private?

Yes. All passphrase generation uses crypto.getRandomValues() — your browser's CSPRNG backed by OS hardware entropy. Nothing is transmitted to any server. No passphrases are stored by this site. Open browser DevTools (F12), navigate to the Network tab, clear existing entries, and generate a passphrase — you will observe zero network requests during generation. The complete wordlist is embedded in the page and processed entirely in your browser.

💬 NCSC Three Random Words — Diceware Method

🖥️ Runs in your browser — nothing leaves your device

Passwords you can remember.
Security you can trust.

The NCSC recommends three random words as the basis for strong, memorable passwords. This generator creates 3–6 word passphrases using a CSPRNG — providing the entropy of a random password with the memorability of real words.

💬 Generate My Passphrase NCSC guidance →

💬 4-Word Passphrase

cloud fence raven ticket

✓ Memorable 40+ bits entropy ✓ NCSC aligned

Equivalent random password

Xk#9mL2&vQ!p

Harder to memorise ~46 bits entropy

Both are strong. One is memorable.

💬 SOP-07 — Diceware Passphrase Generator

Generate a memorable passphrase

3–6 random words, live entropy scoring, multiple formats. Wordlist selected with crypto.getRandomValues() — nothing transmitted.

💬 passphrasemaker.net — diceware generator

Click "Generate Passphrase" to begin

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Entropy (bits)

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Words

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Characters

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Crack time

Word count

4 words

Separator

Options

Capitalise Add number Add symbol

Preset use case

🔒 All generation uses crypto.getRandomValues() — OS hardware entropy · Zero network requests · Nothing stored

Why Passphrase Maker

The NCSC approach made effortless

Random generation for unpredictability. Real words for memorability. Live entropy for transparency.

🎲

Genuine Diceware method

Words are selected using crypto.getRandomValues() with rejection sampling for a perfectly uniform distribution — the same entropy as physical Diceware dice.

🧠

Built to be memorised

Four concrete words create a scene you can visualise. The memorability score estimates how quickly the generated passphrase can be retained using the image-linking technique.

📊

Live entropy scoring

Bits of entropy, estimated crack time, and strength rating update in real time with every option change — so you understand the security implications of each choice.

🔒

Nothing transmitted

The wordlist is embedded in the page. All selection happens in your browser. Open DevTools → Network and generate — you will see zero requests during generation.

Security Reference

Entropy by word count

Based on a 1024-word curated wordlist (10 bits per word). All times assume 10 billion guesses per second — a high-end dedicated cracking machine.

Words	Entropy	Characters (spaced)	Crack time estimate	Recommended for
3 words	30 bits	~18 chars	~107 seconds	Low-stakes accounts with MFA
4 words	40 bits	~24 chars	~30 hours	General accounts — recommended baseline
5 words	50 bits	~30 chars	~35 years	Master passwords, accounts without MFA
6 words	60 bits	~36 chars	~36,500 years	Encryption keys, highest-value accounts
NCSC Cyber Aware baseline: 3 words. NIST SP 800-63B 2025 minimum: 15 characters. Adding a number and symbol adds ~12–16 bits above these figures.

The Evidence

Why length and randomness beat complexity

2016

Year NCSC first published three-random-words guidance, ahead of NIST by a year

NCSC Cyber Aware

NIST

SP 800-63B (2025) removed mandatory complexity rules. Length and randomness are the standard.

NIST SP 800-63B-4

12.9

Bits of entropy per word from the full 7,776-word Diceware list

Arnold Reinhold / EFF

Network requests made during passphrase generation — fully offline

passphrasemaker.net

Recommended Tools

Where to store your passphrases

ℹAffiliate disclosure: Some links earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. We only recommend tools that meet strong security standards. Full disclosure →

🗝️ Bitwarden

Open-source, independently audited password manager. Free tier for individuals; Families plan covers 6 users. Store all your generated passphrases securely. Zero-knowledge encryption — Bitwarden cannot read your vault.

Try Bitwarden →

1️⃣ 1Password

Polished password manager with an Emergency Kit — a printable recovery document generated at setup. Excellent for users who want a guide through secure configuration. Watchtower feature monitors saved credentials against breach databases.

Try 1Password →

📘 EFF Diceware Guide

The Electronic Frontier Foundation's free printed Diceware guide teaches the physical dice method alongside the EFF large wordlist. Recommended for users who want a method with zero software dependency for their most sensitive credentials.

Read the EFF guide →

About

Built by an hobbyist with a keen interest in password security and online safety

The guides and generator on this site are written and maintained by Daniel Hayes, an hobbyist with a keen interest in password security and online safety who has advised organisations on password policy and authentication for over a decade. Daniel's work includes implementing NIST SP 800-63B-aligned authentication systems and delivering NCSC-aligned password guidance to public sector and commercial organisations.

All content aligns with the NCSC Cyber Aware guidance, NIST SP 800-63B 2025, and the EFF Diceware method.

About Daniel Hayes →

Our Promises

✅

NCSC & NIST alignedAll guidance follows NCSC Cyber Aware and NIST SP 800-63B 2025.

🎲

Genuine CSPRNGcrypto.getRandomValues() with rejection sampling. Uniform word distribution — no bias.

🔒

Zero transmissionWordlist is embedded. Nothing sent anywhere during generation.

🆓

Always freeNo account, no subscription, no email address required.

🇬🇧

UK operatedKokal Operations Ltd, England & Wales. UK GDPR compliant.

FAQ

Passphrase questions answered

The NCSC recommends using three randomly selected words as the basis for a strong, memorable password. This produces passwords long enough to be secure, random enough to resist dictionary attacks, and memorable enough that users don't need to write them down. Length — not complexity — is the primary driver of password strength.

Yes, when correctly generated. A 4-word passphrase provides approximately 40 bits of entropy — comparable to a 10-character random character password and sufficient for most accounts with MFA. A 5-word passphrase (50 bits) resists all practical attacks for decades. The security comes from random word selection using a CSPRNG, not from the words themselves.

Making up a sentence produces a passphrase based on your thoughts and patterns — dramatically reducing actual entropy. Randomly generated words — selected by a CSPRNG with no human input — provide the entropy their word count promises. The words may not form a meaningful sentence, but they are unpredictable to any attacker and can be memorised with the visualisation technique.

Use 5 or 6 words. Five words provides approximately 50 bits of entropy — the minimum we recommend for a credential protecting all your other passwords. Six words (60 bits) is appropriate for encryption keys. Use the "master password" or "encryption key" preset in the generator for the correct defaults.

Yes. Enable "Capitalise" to add uppercase at the start of each word. Enable "Add number" and "Add symbol" for characters that satisfy most complexity requirements. These additions are placed randomly within the passphrase — not predictably at the end — preserving the entropy benefit while meeting site policy requirements.

Use visualisation: convert each word to a mental image and link them in a memorable scene. Test recall at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours. Store a written backup in a safe or sealed envelope until confident. If you genuinely cannot recall it after this process, generate a new one — try again with different words.

Yes. All generation uses crypto.getRandomValues() in your browser. The wordlist is embedded in the page. Nothing is transmitted to any server — open DevTools → Network → Clear → Generate to verify zero requests during generation. No passphrases are ever stored by this site.

Diceware is a passphrase generation method invented by Arnold Reinhold in 1995. Physical dice produce a random number that maps to a word in a 7,776-word list. This generator uses crypto.getRandomValues() to achieve the same randomness without physical dice. See our Diceware guide →

The NCSC recommends three random words specifically because they balance security and memorability. For stored credentials (in a password manager), randomly generated character passwords are also acceptable. For credentials that must be memorised — device logins, master passwords, encryption keys — a 4–6 word passphrase is the most practical strongly-secure option.

Three words (30 bits from our wordlist) is appropriate for low-stakes accounts with MFA enabled. Four words (40 bits) is the recommended baseline for most accounts. The generator defaults to 4 words. Use 5 or 6 for high-value accounts, master passwords, and encryption keys — the security difference is significant and the memorability cost is modest.